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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceph (software)</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the computer storage platform. For other uses, see <a href="Ceph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ceph (disambiguation)">Ceph (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Ceph Storage</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank Storage</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="Sage_Weil" title="Sage Weil">Sage Weil</a></li>
<li>Yehuda Sadeh Weinraub</li>
<li>Gregory Farnum</li>
<li>Josh Durgin</li>
<li>Samuel Just</li>
<li>Wido den Hollander</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></li>
<li><a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li>
<li><a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></li>
<li><a href="Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li>
<li><a href="Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li>
<li><a href="SanDisk" class="mw-redirect" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li>
<li><a href="Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a></li>
<li><a href="SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">19.2.2<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-7df8515d6275dc9d5688c9ad8b8f98d2d50180fc-v20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-7df8515d6275dc9d5688c9ad8b8f98d2d50180fc-v20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp; (Squid)
/ 10 April 2025</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ceph/ceph">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/ceph<wbr>/ceph</a></span> </li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-freebsd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebsd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-windows_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Distributed object store</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPLv2.1</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceph.io">ceph<wbr>.io</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Ceph</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</span></span>) is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> software-defined <a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage</a> <a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> that provides <a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">object storage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage">block storage</a>, and <a href="File_system" title="File system">file storage</a> built on a common <a href="Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">distributed</a> cluster foundation. Ceph provides distributed operation without a <a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a> and scalability to the <a href="Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">exabyte</a> level. Since version 12 (Luminous), Ceph does not rely on any other conventional filesystem and directly manages <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDDs</a> and <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSDs</a> with its own storage backend BlueStore and can expose a <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <a href="Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystem</a>.
</p><p>Ceph <a href="Replication_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Replication (computer science)">replicates</a> data with <a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kerneltrap_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerneltrap-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="Commodity_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity hardware">commodity hardware</a> and Ethernet IP and requiring no specific hardware support. Ceph is <a href="High_availability" title="High availability">highly available</a> and ensures strong data durability through techniques including replication, <a href="Erasure_code" title="Erasure code">erasure coding</a>, snapshots and clones. By design, the system is both self-healing and <a href="Self-management_(computer_science)" title="Self-management (computer science)">self-managing</a>, minimizing administration time and other costs.
</p><p>Large-scale production Ceph deployments include <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="OVH" class="mw-redirect" title="OVH">OVH</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>Ceph employs five distinct kinds of <a href="Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemons</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-developerworks_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-developerworks-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Cluster monitors (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">
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</style><span class="monospaced">ceph-mon</span>) that keep track of active and failed cluster nodes, cluster configuration, and information about data placement and global cluster state.</li>
<li><a href="Object_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Object storage device">OSDs</a> (<span class="monospaced">ceph-osd</span>) that manage bulk data storage devices directly via the BlueStore back end,<sup id="cite_ref-bluestore_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluestore-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which since the v12.x release replaces the Filestore<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> back end, which was implemented on top of a traditional filesystem)</li>
<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a> servers (<span class="monospaced">ceph-mds</span>) that maintain and broker access to <a href="Inode" title="Inode">inodes</a> and <a href="Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directories</a> inside a CephFS filesystem</li>
<li><a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> gateways (<span class="monospaced">ceph-rgw</span>) that expose the object storage layer as an interface compatible with <a href="Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> or <a href="Openstack" class="mw-redirect" title="Openstack">OpenStack Swift</a> APIs</li>
<li>Managers (<span class="monospaced">ceph-mgr</span>) that perform cluster monitoring, bookkeeping, and maintenance tasks, and interface to external monitoring systems and management (e.g. balancer, dashboard, <a href="Prometheus_(software)" title="Prometheus (software)">Prometheus</a>, Zabbix plugin)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>All of these are fully distributed, and may be deployed on disjoint, dedicated servers or in a <a href="Hyper-converged_infrastructure" title="Hyper-converged infrastructure">converged topology</a>. Clients with different needs directly interact with appropriate cluster components.<sup id="cite_ref-lwn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ceph <a href="Striping" class="mw-redirect" title="Striping">distributes</a> data across multiple storage devices and nodes to achieve higher throughput, in a fashion similar to <a href="RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a>. Adaptive <a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> is supported whereby frequently accessed services may be replicated over more nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-lcse_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As of September&nbsp;2017, BlueStore is the default and recommended storage back end for production environments,<sup id="cite_ref-luminous_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luminous-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provides better latency and configurability than the older Filestore back end, and avoiding the shortcomings of filesystem based storage involving additional processing and caching layers. The Filestore back end will be deprecated as of the Reef release in mid 2023. <a href="XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a> was the recommended underlying filesystem for Filestore OSDs, and <a href="Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a> could be used at one's own risk. <a href="Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> filesystems were not recommended due to limited metadata capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BlueStore back end does still use XFS for a small metadata partition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object_storage_S3">Object storage S3</h3></div>

<p>Ceph implements distributed <a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">object storage</a> via the
RADOS GateWay (<span class="monospaced">ceph-rgw</span>), which exposes the underlying storage layer via an interface compatible with <a href="Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> or <a href="Openstack" class="mw-redirect" title="Openstack">OpenStack Swift</a>.
</p><p>Ceph RGW deployments scale readily and often utilize large and dense storage media for bulk use cases that include <a href="Big_data" title="Big data">Big Data</a> (datalake), <a href="Backup" title="Backup">backups</a> &amp; <a href="Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a>, <a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IOT</a>, media, video recording, and deployment images for <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a> and <a href="Containerization_(computing)" title="Containerization (computing)">containers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ceph's software libraries provide client applications with direct access to the <i>reliable autonomic distributed object store</i> (RADOS) object-based storage system. More frequently used are libraries for Ceph's <i>RADOS Block Device</i> (RBD), <i>RADOS Gateway</i>, and <i>Ceph File System</i> services. In this way, administrators can maintain their storage devices within a unified system, which makes it easier to replicate and protect the data.
</p><p>The "librados" <a href="Software_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Software libraries">software libraries</a> provide access in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, and <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. The RADOS Gateway also exposes the object store as a <a href="REST" title="REST">RESTful</a> interface which can present as both native <a href="Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> and <a href="Openstack" class="mw-redirect" title="Openstack">OpenStack Swift</a> APIs.
</p><p>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_storage">Block storage</h3></div>
<p>Ceph can provide clients with <a href="Thin_provisioning" title="Thin provisioning">thin-provisioned</a> <a href="Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">block devices</a>. When an application writes data to Ceph using a block device, Ceph automatically stripes and replicates the data across the cluster. Ceph's <i>RADOS Block Device</i> (RBD) also integrates with <a href="Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">Kernel-based Virtual Machines</a> (KVMs).
</p><p>Ceph block storage may be deployed on traditional HDDs and/or <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSDs</a> which are associated with Ceph's block storage for use cases, including databases, virtual machines, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Block storage clients often require high <a href="Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics#Data_transfer_rate" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">throughput</a> and <a href="IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a>, thus Ceph RBD deployments increasingly utilize SSDs with <a href="NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> interfaces.
</p><p>"RBD" is built on with Ceph's foundational RADOS object storage system that provides the librados interface and the CephFS file system. Since RBD is built on librados, RBD inherits librados's abilities, including clones and <a href="Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshots</a>. By striping volumes across the cluster, Ceph improves performance for large block device images.
</p><p>"Ceph-iSCSI" is a gateway which enables access to distributed, highly available block storage from <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="VMware_vSphere" title="VMware vSphere">VMware vSphere</a> servers or clients capable of speaking the <a href="ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a> protocol. By using ceph-iscsi on one or more iSCSI gateway hosts, Ceph RBD images become available as Logical Units (LUs) associated with iSCSI targets, which can be accessed in an optionally load-balanced, highly available fashion.
</p><p>Since ceph-iscsi configuration is stored in the Ceph RADOS object store, ceph-iscsi gateway hosts are inherently without persistent state and thus can be replaced, augmented, or reduced at will. As a result, Ceph Storage enables customers to run a truly distributed, highly-available, resilient, and self-healing enterprise storage technology on commodity hardware and an entirely open source platform.
</p><p>The block device can be virtualized, providing block storage to virtual machines, in virtualization platforms such as <a href="OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a>, <a href="OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a>, <a href="Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a>, <a href="OpenNebula" title="OpenNebula">OpenNebula</a>, <a href="Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a>, <a href="Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">Apache CloudStack</a> and <a href="Proxmox_Virtual_Environment" title="Proxmox Virtual Environment">Proxmox Virtual Environment</a>.
</p><p>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_storage">File storage</h3></div>
<p>Ceph's file system (CephFS) runs on top of the same RADOS foundation as Ceph's object storage and block device services. The CephFS metadata server (MDS) provides a service that maps the directories and file names of the file system to objects stored within RADOS clusters. The metadata server cluster can expand or contract, and it can rebalance file system metadata ranks dynamically to distribute data evenly among cluster hosts. This ensures high performance and prevents heavy loads on specific hosts within the cluster.
</p><p>Clients mount the <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-compatible file system using a <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> client. An older <a href="Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a>-based client is also available. The servers run as regular Unix <a href="Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemons</a>.
</p><p>Ceph's file storage is often associated with log collection, messaging, and file storage.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dashboard">Dashboard</h3></div>

<p>From 2018 there is also a Dashboard web UI project, which helps to manage the cluster. It's being developed by Ceph community on LGPL-3 and uses <span class="monospaced">ceph-mgr</span>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a> and <a href="Grafana" title="Grafana">Grafana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its landing page has been refreshed in the beginning of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Previous dashboards were developed but are closed now: Calamari (2013–2018), OpenAttic (2013–2019), VSM (2014–2016), Inkscope (2015–2016) and Ceph-Dash (2015–2017).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimson">Crimson</h3></div>
<p>Beginning in 2019 the Crimson project has been reimplementing the OSD data path. The goal of Crimson is to minimize latency and CPU overhead. Modern storage devices and interfaces including <a href="NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a> and <a href="3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a> have become much faster than <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a> and even SAS/SATA <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSDs</a>, but CPU performance has not kept pace. Moreover <span class="monospaced">crimson-osd</span> is meant to be a backward-compatible <a href="Drop-in_replacement" title="Drop-in replacement">drop-in replacement</a> for <span class="monospaced">ceph-osd</span>. While Crimson can work with the BlueStore back end (via AlienStore), a new native ObjectStore implementation called SeaStore is also being developed along with CyanStore for testing purposes. One reason for creating SeaStore is that transaction support in the BlueStore back end is provided by <a href="RocksDB" title="RocksDB">RocksDB</a>, which needs to be re-implemented to achieve better parallelism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>Ceph was created by <a href="Sage_Weil" title="Sage Weil">Sage Weil</a> for his <a href="Doctoral_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral dissertation">doctoral dissertation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was advised by Professor Scott A. Brandt at the <a href="Jack_Baskin_School_of_Engineering" title="Jack Baskin School of Engineering">Jack Baskin School of Engineering</a>, <a href="University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> (UCSC), and sponsored by the <a href="Advanced_Simulation_and_Computing_Program" title="Advanced Simulation and Computing Program">Advanced Simulation and Computing Program</a> (ASC), including <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> (LANL), <a href="Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a> (SNL), and <a href="Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (LLNL).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first line of code that ended up being part of Ceph was written by Sage Weil in 2004 while at a summer internship at LLNL, working on scalable filesystem metadata management (known today as Ceph's MDS).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, as part of a summer project initiated by Scott A. Brandt and led by Carlos Maltzahn, Sage Weil created a fully functional file system prototype which adopted the name Ceph. Ceph made its debut with Sage Weil giving two presentations in November 2006, one at <a href="USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> OSDI 2006<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another at <a href="ACM/IEEE_Supercomputing_Conference" title="ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference">SC</a>'06.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After his graduation in autumn 2007, Weil continued to work on Ceph full-time, and the core development team expanded to include Yehuda Sadeh Weinraub and Gregory Farnum. On March 19, 2010, <a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> merged the Ceph client into Linux kernel version 2.6.34<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was released on May 16, 2010. In 2012, Weil created <a href="Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank Storage</a> for professional services and support for Ceph.<sup id="cite_ref-inktanklaunch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inktanklaunch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2014, <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> purchased Inktank, bringing the majority of Ceph development in-house to make it a production version for enterprises with support (hotline) and continuous maintenance (new versions).<sup id="cite_ref-redhatacquisition_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redhatacquisition-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2015, the Ceph Community Advisory Board was formed to assist the community in driving the direction of open source software-defined storage technology. The charter advisory board includes Ceph community members from global IT organizations that are committed to the Ceph project, including individuals from <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a>, <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, <a href="Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, <a href="Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="SanDisk" class="mw-redirect" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>, and <a href="SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-advisoryboardformed_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advisoryboardformed-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2018, the Linux Foundation launched the Ceph Foundation as a successor to the Ceph Community Advisory Board. Founding members of the Ceph Foundation included Amihan, <a href="Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a>, <a href="China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>, <a href="DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a>, <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="OVH" class="mw-redirect" title="OVH">OVH</a>, ProphetStor Data Services, <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, SoftIron, <a href="SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a>, <a href="Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>, XSKY Data Technology, and <a href="ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2021, SUSE discontinued its Enterprise Storage product incorporating Ceph in favor of <a href="Rancher_Labs" title="Rancher Labs">Rancher</a>'s Longhorn,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the former Enterprise Storage website was updated stating "SUSE has refocused the storage efforts around serving our strategic SUSE Enterprise Storage Customers and are no longer actively selling SUSE Enterprise Storage."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_history">Release history</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable">

<caption>Release history
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col">Name
</th>
<th scope="col">Release
</th>
<th scope="col">First release
</th>
<th scope="col">End of<br>life
</th>
<th scope="col">Milestones
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Argonaut
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.48"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.48<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295599781">
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</style>
</td>
<td>July 3, 2012
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>First major "stable" release
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Bobtail
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.56"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.56
</td>
<td>January 1, 2013
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Cuttlefish
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.61"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.61
</td>
<td>May 7, 2013
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>ceph-deploy is stable
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Dumpling
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.67"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.67
</td>
<td>August 14, 2013
</td>
<td>May 2015
</td>
<td>namespace, region, monitoring REST API
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Emperor
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.72"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.72
</td>
<td>November 9, 2013
</td>
<td>May 2014
</td>
<td>multi-datacenter replication for RGW
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Firefly
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.80"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.80
</td>
<td>May 7, 2014
</td>
<td>April 2016
</td>
<td>erasure coding, cache tiering, primary affinity, key/value OSD backend (experimental), standalone RGW (experimental)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Giant
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.87"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.87
</td>
<td>October 29, 2014
</td>
<td>April 2015
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hammer
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="0.94"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 0.94
</td>
<td>April 7, 2015
</td>
<td>August 2017
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Infernalis
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="9.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 9.2.0
</td>
<td>November 6, 2015
</td>
<td>April 2016
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Jewel
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="10.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 10.2.0
</td>
<td>April 21, 2016
</td>
<td>2018-06-01
</td>
<td>Stable CephFS, experimental OSD back end named BlueStore, daemons no longer run as the root user
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kraken
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="11.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 11.2.0
</td>
<td>January 20, 2017
</td>
<td>2017-08-01
</td>
<td>BlueStore is stable, EC for RBD pools
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Luminous
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="12.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 12.2.0
</td>
<td>August 29, 2017
</td>
<td>2020-03-01
</td>
<td>pg-upmap balancer
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mimic
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="13.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 13.2.0
</td>
<td>June 1, 2018
</td>
<td>2020-07-22
</td>
<td>snapshots are stable, Beast is stable, official GUI (Dashboard)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Nautilus
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="14.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 14.2.0
</td>
<td>March 19, 2019
</td>
<td>2021-06-01
</td>
<td>asynchronous replication, auto-retry of failed writes due to grown defect remapping
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Octopus
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="15.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 15.2.0
</td>
<td>March 23, 2020
</td>
<td>2022-06-01
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Pacific
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="16.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 16.2.0
</td>
<td>March 31, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2023-06-01
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Quincy
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="17.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Unsupported:</span> 17.2.0
</td>
<td>April 19, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2024-06-01
</td>
<td>auto-setting of min_alloc_size for novel media
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Reef
</td>
<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Supported" data-sort-value="18.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Supported:</span> 18.2.0
</td>
<td>Aug 3, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2025-08-01<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Squid
</td>
<td class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="19.2.0"><span style="display: none;">Latest version:</span> <span style="font-weight: 600">19.2.0 </span>
</td>
<td>Sep 26, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2026-09-19<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tentacle<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="TBA"><span style="display: none;">Future version:</span> TBA
</td>
<td>TBA
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="templateVersion l version-legend" style=""><div style=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Unsupported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Supported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item"><b>Latest version</b></div><div style="display: none;" class="legend-item">Preview version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Future version</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Available_platforms">Available platforms</h2></div>
<p>While basically built for <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, Ceph has been also partially ported to Windows platform. It is production-ready for <a href="Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> (some commands might be unavailable due to lack of <a href="UNIX_socket" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX socket">UNIX socket</a> implementation), <a href="Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a> and <a href="Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Windows Server 2022</a>, but testing/development can be done also on <a href="Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and <a href="Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>. One can use Ceph RBD and CephFS on Windows, but OSD is not supported on this platform.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-windows_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There is also <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> implementation of Ceph.<sup id="cite_ref-freebsd_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebsd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MicroCeph">MicroCeph</h2></div>
<p>MicroCeph is a simplified Ceph deployment system for non-experts using <a href="Snap_(software)" title="Snap (software)">snap</a> packaging system, created by <a href="Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's isolated from the underlying host, platform independent, scalable and offers minimal setup and maintenance overheads.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MicroCeph supports all Ceph data access protocols - block, file and object - and can be deployed with full disk encryption.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>
<p>The name "Ceph" is a shortened form of "<a href="Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopod</a>", a class of <a href="Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a> that includes squids, cuttlefish, nautiloids, and octopuses. The name (emphasized by the logo) suggests the highly parallel behavior of an octopus and was chosen to associate the file system with "Sammy", the <a href="Banana_slug" title="Banana slug">banana slug</a> mascot of <a href="University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">UCSC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-developerworks_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-developerworks-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both cephalopods and banana slugs are molluscs.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">Distributed file system</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributed_parallel_fault-tolerant_file_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed parallel fault-tolerant file systems">Distributed parallel fault-tolerant file systems</a></li>
<li><a href="Gfarm_file_system" title="Gfarm file system">Gfarm file system</a></li>
<li><a href="GlusterFS" class="mw-redirect" title="GlusterFS">GlusterFS</a></li>
<li><a href="GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li>
<li><a href="LizardFS" title="LizardFS">LizardFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li>
<li><a href="MapR_FS" title="MapR FS">MapR FS</a></li>
<li><a href="Moose_File_System" title="Moose File System">Moose File System</a></li>
<li><a href="OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">Parallel Virtual File System</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">Quantcast File System</a></li>
<li><a href="RozoFS" title="RozoFS">RozoFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Software-defined_storage" title="Software-defined storage">Software-defined storage</a></li>
<li><a href="XtreemFS" title="XtreemFS">XtreemFS</a></li>
<li><a href="ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">Comparison of distributed file systems</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFM._Tim_Jones2010" class="citation journal cs1">M. Tim Jones (2010-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-ceph/index.html">"Ceph: A Linux petabyte-scale distributed file system"</a>. <i>DeveloperWorks &gt; Linux &gt; Technical Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-06</span></span>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_B._Layton2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Jeffrey B. Layton (2010-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423075710/http://www.linux-mag.com/cache/7744/1.html">"Ceph: The Distributed File System Creature from the Object Lagoon"</a>. <i><a href="Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i>. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-24</span></span>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_MaltzahnEsteban_Molina-EstolanoAmandeep_KhuranaAlex_J._Nelson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carlos Maltzahn; Esteban Molina-Estolano; Amandeep Khurana; Alex J. Nelson; Scott A. Brandt; Sage Weil (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/publications/login/august-2010-volume-35-number-4/ceph-scalable-alternative-hadoop-distributed-file">"Ceph as a scalable alternative to the Hadoop Distributed File System"</a>. <i><a href="%3Blogin%3A" title=";login:">;login:</a></i>. <b>35</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-09</span></span>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Loschwitz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Martin Loschwitz (April 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin-magazine.com/HPC/Articles/The-RADOS-Object-Store-and-Ceph-Filesystem">"The RADOS Object Store and Ceph Filesystem"</a>. <i>HPC ADMIN Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-25</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:κεφαλή">κεφαλή</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ceph" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ceph">Ceph</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceph.io/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canonical-microceph.readthedocs-hosted.com">MicroCeph documentation</a></li>
<li>State of the project:
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJkyV-fJvow"><span class="">2022</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmlFmS2b3wY"><span class="">2023</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r17D-70VgDw"><span class="">2024</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceph.io/assets/pdfs/events/2025/ceph-days-silicon-valley/02%20-%20Keynote%20-%20State%20of%20Ceph.pdf">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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</style><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a>
<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br>non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li>
<li><a href="AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li>
<li><a href="AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li>
<li>BFS
<ul><li><a href="Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li>
<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>
<li>Byte File System (<a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li>
<li><a href="StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li>
<li><a href="CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li>
<li>EFS
<ul><li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li>
<li><a href="Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li>
<li><a href="Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a>
<ul><li><a href="Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li>
<li><a href="Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li>
<li><a href="Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li>
<li><a href="Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>
<ul><li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li>
<li><a href="Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li>
<li><a href="GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li>
<li><a href="HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a>
<ul><li><a href="HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li>
<li><a href="High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li>
<li><a href="High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li>
<li><a href="JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li>
<li>MFS
<ul><li><a href="Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li>
<li><a href="TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li>
<li><a href="NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li>
<li><a href="Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li>
<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>
<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li>
<li><a href="NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li>
<li><a href="OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li>
<li><a href="OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li>
<li><a href="QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li>
<li><a href="QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li>
<li><a href="ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li>
<li><a href="ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>
<ul><li><a href="Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li>
<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li>
<li><a href="Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li>
<li>SFS
<ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li>
<li><a href="Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li>
<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a>
<ul><li><a href="Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li>
<li><a href="Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li>
<li><a href="Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li>
<li><a href="XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li>
<li><a href="ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li>
<li><a href="File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li>
<li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li>
<li><a href="Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li>
<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>
<li><a href="F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li>
<li><a href="JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li>
<li><a href="JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li>
<li><a href="JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li>
<li><a href="LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li>
<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>
<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li>
<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>

<li><a href="CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li>
<li><a href="GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>
<li><a href="OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li>
<li><a href="OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li>
<li><a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li>
<li><a href="Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>
<li><a href="GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li>
<li><a href="NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li>
<li><a href="Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li>
<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>
<li><i><a href="List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li>
<li><a href="AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>
<li><a href="Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li>
<li><a href="Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li>
<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>
<li><a href="FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li>
<li><a href="Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li>
<li><a href="NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li>
<li><a href="Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li>
<li><a href="SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li>
<li><a href="FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li>
<li><a href="OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li>
<li><a href="UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>
<li>specfs</li>
<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>
<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>
<li><a href="WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li>
<li><a href="EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li>
<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>
<li><a href="Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a>
<ul><li><a href="Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li>
<li><a href="Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li>
<li><a href="Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li>
<li><a href="Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li>
<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li>
<li><a href="Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li>
<li><a href="Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li>
<li><a href="Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li>
<li><a href="Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li>
<li><a href="Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li>
<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a>
<ul><li><a href="Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li>
<li><a href="Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li>
<li><a href="Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>
<li>Links
<ul><li><a href="Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li>
<li><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li>
<li><a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li>
<li><a href="File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a>
<ul><li><a href="Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li>
<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Red_Hat85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Red_Hat85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Enterprise Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Hat_Cluster_Suite" title="Red Hat Cluster Suite">Cluster Suite</a></li>
<li><a href="GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li>
<li><a href="WildFly" title="WildFly">WildFly</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_Machine_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Machine Manager">Virtual Machine Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_(software)" title="Satellite (software)">Satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments" title="Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments">Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments</a></li>
<li><a href="Ansible_(software)" title="Ansible (software)">Ansible</a></li>
<li><a href="CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Red_Hat_Network" title="Red Hat Network">Network</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Hat_Virtualization" title="Red Hat Virtualization">Virtualization</a></li>
<li><a href="OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fedora_Project" title="Fedora Project">Fedora Project</a></li>
<li><a href="FreeOTP" title="FreeOTP">FreeOTP</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li>
<li><a href="Spacewalk_(software)" title="Spacewalk (software)">Spacewalk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Jim_Whitehurst" title="Jim Whitehurst">Jim Whitehurst</a></li>
<li><a href="Matthew_Szulik" title="Matthew Szulik">Matthew Szulik</a></li>
<li><a href="Bob_Young_(businessman)" title="Bob Young (businessman)">Bob Young</a></li>
<li><a href="Marc_Ewing" title="Marc Ewing">Marc Ewing</a></li>
<li><a href="Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Cormier_(engineer)" title="Paul Cormier (engineer)">Paul Cormier</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mergers and acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="C2Net" title="C2Net">C2Net</a></li>
<li><a href="Cygnus_Solutions" title="Cygnus Solutions">Cygnus Solutions</a></li>
<li><a href="Gluster" title="Gluster">Gluster</a></li>
<li><a href="Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank Storage</a></li>
<li><a href="MetaMatrix" title="MetaMatrix">MetaMatrix</a></li>
<li><a href="Qumranet" title="Qumranet">Qumranet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li>
<li><a href="Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Hat_Certification_Program" title="Red Hat Certification Program">Certification Program</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_derivatives" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives">Enterprise Linux derivatives</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_Hat_Tower" title="Red Hat Tower">Tower</a></li></ul>
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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ceph_(software)&amp;oldid=1297493946">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
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